Archive for 2016
Biography of expert Discourse Analysis
the biography of expert in text linguistic
Biography DAVID CRYSTAL :
Assalamualaikum WR.WB….
Good day reader, welcome back to my
blog “PRATAMA’S BLOG”
Okey
in this occasion I’m going to share and explain about my expert in text
linguistic. He is the famous man and also handsome with his theory in text
linguistic. Of course, all of you curious who is that man. Actually, he is one
of lecture Wales university in Bangor.
Well,
he is David Crystal born on 6 July 1941 Lisburn, Britania Raya. He works as
lecture like I said before in Wales University. David also works as , as a
writer, editor, and broadcaster. David is the expert in text linguistic because
of his knowledge, theory, books and journal that he ever published before.
My
lovely reader, David Crystal is my expert in text linguistic. I very admire
with him because of the explanation above. David give me inspiration to learn
more about text linguistic. So many expert in text linguistic but, I choose him
because he give clear explanation about text linguistic.
David
published the first
of his 100 or so books in 1964, and became known chiefly for his research work
in English language studies, in such fields as intonation and stylistics, and
in the application of linguistics to religious, educational and clinical
contexts, notably in the development of a range of linguistic profiling
techniques for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. He also ever published books on English
phonetics and phonology include Prosodic Systems and Intonation in English and
The English Tone of Voice.
Ok
readers ,David also ever published journal and not only books. One of the
journal such as He was founder-editor of the Journal of Child Language, Child
Language Teaching and Therapy, and Linguistics Abstracts, and has edited
several book series, such as Penguin Linguistics and Blackwell’s Language
Library In the 1980.
Ok readers I think just it the article about David
and I also thankful for him cause give me inspiration to learn more about text
linguistics. Hopefully this article also helping you all of my readers who
learn text linguistics lesson and can be one of your referenced.
Let me say thank you for all times let
me close by saying Wassalamualaikum..
Reference:
BRANCHES OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Text linguistic
Definition
:
Text
linguistics is a branch of linguistics concerned with the description and
analysis of extended texts (either spoken or written) in communicative
contexts. Sometimes spelled as one word, text linguistics (after the German Text
linguistic).
In some ways,
notes David Crystal, text linguistics "overlaps considerably with . . .
discourse analysis, and some linguists see very little difference between
them" (Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 2008).
See
Examples and Observations below. Also see:
1.
Inter textuality
2.
Pragmatics
3.
Rhetoric and Rhetorical Situation
4.
Semiotics
5.
Sociolinguistics
6.
Speech-Act Theory
7.
Speech Community
8.
Stylistics
Examples
and Observations:
"In recent
years, the study of texts has become a defining feature of a branch of
linguistics referred to (especially in Europe) as text linguistics, and 'text'
here has central theoretical status. Texts are seen as language units which
have a definable communicative function, characterized by such principles as
cohesion, coherence and informativeness, which can be used to provide a formal
definition of what constitutes their textuality or texture. On the basis of
these principles, texts are classified into text types, or genres, such as road
signs, news reports, poems, conversations, etc. . . . Some linguists make a
distinction between the notions of 'text,' viewed as a physical product, and
'discourse,' viewed as a dynamic process of expression and interpretation,
whose function and mode of operation can be investigated using psycholinguistic
and sociolinguistic, as well as linguistic, techniques."
(David Crystal,
Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed. Blackwell, 2008)
Forensic linguistic
Definition:
The application
of linguistic research and methods to the law, including evaluation of written
evidence and the language of legislation. See Examples and Observations, below.
Examples
and Observations:
"The
pioneer of forensic linguistics is widely considered to be Roger Shuy, a
retired Georgetown University professor and the author of such fundamental
textbooks as [Creating] Language Crimes. The field’s more recent origins might
be traced to an airplane flight in 1979, when Shuy found himself talking to the
lawyer sitting next to him. By the end of the flight, Shuy had a recommendation
as an expert witness in his first murder case. Since then, he’s been involved
in numerous cases in which forensic analysis revealed how meaning had been
distorted by the process of writing or recording. In recent years, following
Shuy’s lead, a growing number of linguists have applied their techniques in
regular criminal cases . . .."
(Jack Hitt,
"Words on Trial." The New Yorker, July 23, 2012)
Applications
of Forensic Linguistics:
"Applications
of forensic linguistics include voice identification, interpretation of
expressed meaning in laws and legal writings, analysis of discourse in legal
settings, interpretation of intended meaning in oral and written statements
(e.g., confessions), authorship identification, the language of the law (e.g.,
plain language), analysis of courtroom language used by trial participants
(i.e., judges, lawyers, and witnesses), trademark law, and interpretation and
translation when more than one language must be used in a legal context."
(Gerald R.
McMenamin, Forensic Linguistics: Advances in Forensic Stylistics. CRC Press,
2002)
Reference:
Idiom
Idiom or expression is a combination of words, which is a fragment of a sentence which has
its own meaning. or group of words that express the meaning figuratively.
Example idiom:
golden child = child most beloved
Hats off = salute or respect
Nature reserves = a natural protection
Blood meat = Child
Nose = visible / present
Blackguard = female fans, liar
Masher = male love affair
Prig = amnesia
Usurer = moneylenders
Cats garong = ferocious nature, lineament less fun
Long hands = thief
Very red = angry
Stubborn = strong character
Love blind = really love
Eating salt = lots of experience
Put your hands = surrender
Mild head = easy to understand and grasp
Idiom can be divided into two types, namely:
1. The full idiom, ie idioms or phrases throughout the constituent elements can not be
returned to the meaning of denotation / true.
Example:
Roll the mat means a bankrupt.
b Butt yellow means stingy / miserly.
Said rolls and said the mat has lost its meaning denotation. Likewise, the word and the word
yellow rump.
2. Idiom in part, that idiom or expression that most of its constituent elements can still be
restored to the meaning of denotation.
Example:
a rumor means news or news that is not necessarily true.
b black list means a list of names of people involved in the crime.
In this case, said the news and the list can still be restored on the meaning of denotation.
Idiom is an expression of the language in the form of a compound word (phrase) whose
meaning has been fused and can not be interpreted by the elements that shape meanings.
Reference:
http://ganzmeruntuguntur.blogspot.co.id/2013/09/idiom-dalam-bahasa-indonesia.html
Proverb
Each word has its own meaning . When words strung together would be a beautiful sentence
and contain a specific meaning . As well as a series of words in proverbs and words of wisdom
, words are arranged so that a string of sentences to be so beautiful , brief, concise , unbiased
containing parables , advice , life principles or rules of behavior .
In English there are also proverbs and words of wisdom (wise word) , the following is an
example.
Peribahasa (Proverbs) :
1. Better late than never.
(Lebih baik terlambat
daripada tidak sama sekali.)
2.
Bending without breaking.
(Mengalah bukan berarti kalah.)
(Mengalah bukan berarti kalah.)
3. A good book is a great friend.
(Buku yang bermanfaat
merupakan teman yang baik.)
4. Out of sight near by heart.
(Jauh di mata dekat di
hati.)
5. No one too old to learn.
(Belajar tidak memandang
usia.)
6. Action speak louder than words.
(banyak bekerja
sedikit bicara.)
7. Desperate people has no standpoint.
(Orang yang putus asa
tidak mempunyai pendirian.)
8. Full coin, full case.
(Banyak uang banyak
masalah.)
9. Think first, than action.
(Berfikir matang
terlebih dahulu baru bertindak.)
10. United we stand, divided we fall.
(Bersatu
kita teguh bercerai kita runtuh.)
11. Unused advantage are no advantages.
(Kepandaian
yang tidak bermanfaat adalah sis-sia.)
12. Blood is thicker than water.
(Ikatan
darah atau persaudaraan lebih kuat dari segala-galanya.)
13. Succes never comes to the
indolence's.
(Keberhasilan
tidak akan pernah datang pada orang yang malas.)
Reference:
all about homograph, homonym, and homophones
Homograph
Homograph consists of homo (same ) and the graph ( writing ) . Homograph is a wordwith the same work but have different pronunciations and meanings . In Indonesian , the word homograph example is ' Semi ' with two different meanings are above standard level and season . Another example is the ' apple' with the meaning and gathering fruit ( small ceremony ) .
Homograph consists of homo (same ) and the graph ( writing ) . Homograph is a wordwith the same work but have different pronunciations and meanings . In Indonesian , the word homograph example is ' Semi ' with two different meanings are above standard level and season . Another example is the ' apple' with the meaning and gathering fruit ( small ceremony ) .
Examples homograph word in the English language are:
Wind
: angin
Wind
: berakhir pada jam (wind up o’clock)
Sewer
: penyulam (orang yang menyulam)
Sewer
: saluran air
Project
: tugas
Project
: rancangan
Bat
: peralatan dalam olahraga baseball
Bat
: kelelawar
Bow
: menunduk atau membungkuk
Bow
: bagian depan dari kapal
Homonym
Homonym , derived from the word homo (same ) and NYM ( name ) . Means homonym is a word that has the same pronunciation or word but the meaning was different . If in Indonesian , one example Homophones form the word ' can' . The word ' may ' can have two meanings , namely poison snakes and on the other hand can also mean as capable .
Here are some examples of homonyms in English :
Blue
: warna
Blue
: perasaan sedih
Lie
: posisi horizontal
Lie
: kebohongan
Type
: menulis dengan keyboard
Type
: tipe atau jenis
Ad
: iklan
Add
: menambahkan
Ate
: makan
Eight
: delapan
Homophones
Homophones are words homo (same ) and fonts ( voice or sound ) . Homophones is a word that has the same pronunciation but with the words and different meanings . For example, in Indonesian , among others ' Djarum ' with ' needle ' and 'Rock ' and ' Rok ' .
In English , the words homophones , among others :
Air
: udara
Heir
: pewaris
Buy
: membeli
Bye
: ucapan perpisahan/selamat tinggal
Check
: memeriksa
Checque
: cek
Sell
: menjual
Cell
: sel, penjara
Die
: mati
Dye
: mewarnai
Homonym , Homophones and homograph in English
Indonesian in the subject matter , there are some terms that have special meaning , as well as with the English language . Among these terms are homonyms , homophones , homograph . To be clear , following a full discussion on the understanding and examples .
Indonesian in the subject matter , there are some terms that have special meaning , as well as with the English language . Among these terms are homonyms , homophones , homograph . To be clear , following a full discussion on the understanding and examples .
