On Senin, 03 Oktober 2016
Text linguistic
Definition
:
Text
linguistics is a branch of linguistics concerned with the description and
analysis of extended texts (either spoken or written) in communicative
contexts. Sometimes spelled as one word, text linguistics (after the German Text
linguistic).
In some ways,
notes David Crystal, text linguistics "overlaps considerably with . . .
discourse analysis, and some linguists see very little difference between
them" (Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 2008).
See
Examples and Observations below. Also see:
1.
Inter textuality
2.
Pragmatics
3.
Rhetoric and Rhetorical Situation
4.
Semiotics
5.
Sociolinguistics
6.
Speech-Act Theory
7.
Speech Community
8.
Stylistics
Examples
and Observations:
"In recent
years, the study of texts has become a defining feature of a branch of
linguistics referred to (especially in Europe) as text linguistics, and 'text'
here has central theoretical status. Texts are seen as language units which
have a definable communicative function, characterized by such principles as
cohesion, coherence and informativeness, which can be used to provide a formal
definition of what constitutes their textuality or texture. On the basis of
these principles, texts are classified into text types, or genres, such as road
signs, news reports, poems, conversations, etc. . . . Some linguists make a
distinction between the notions of 'text,' viewed as a physical product, and
'discourse,' viewed as a dynamic process of expression and interpretation,
whose function and mode of operation can be investigated using psycholinguistic
and sociolinguistic, as well as linguistic, techniques."
(David Crystal,
Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed. Blackwell, 2008)
Forensic linguistic
Definition:
The application
of linguistic research and methods to the law, including evaluation of written
evidence and the language of legislation. See Examples and Observations, below.
Examples
and Observations:
"The
pioneer of forensic linguistics is widely considered to be Roger Shuy, a
retired Georgetown University professor and the author of such fundamental
textbooks as [Creating] Language Crimes. The field’s more recent origins might
be traced to an airplane flight in 1979, when Shuy found himself talking to the
lawyer sitting next to him. By the end of the flight, Shuy had a recommendation
as an expert witness in his first murder case. Since then, he’s been involved
in numerous cases in which forensic analysis revealed how meaning had been
distorted by the process of writing or recording. In recent years, following
Shuy’s lead, a growing number of linguists have applied their techniques in
regular criminal cases . . .."
(Jack Hitt,
"Words on Trial." The New Yorker, July 23, 2012)
Applications
of Forensic Linguistics:
"Applications
of forensic linguistics include voice identification, interpretation of
expressed meaning in laws and legal writings, analysis of discourse in legal
settings, interpretation of intended meaning in oral and written statements
(e.g., confessions), authorship identification, the language of the law (e.g.,
plain language), analysis of courtroom language used by trial participants
(i.e., judges, lawyers, and witnesses), trademark law, and interpretation and
translation when more than one language must be used in a legal context."
(Gerald R.
McMenamin, Forensic Linguistics: Advances in Forensic Stylistics. CRC Press,
2002)
Reference:
