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Biography of expert Discourse Analysis

Senin, 17 Oktober 2016
Posted by Unknown
the biography of expert in text linguistic

Biography DAVID CRYSTAL :


Assalamualaikum WR.WB….
Good day reader, welcome back to my blog “PRATAMA’S BLOG”
          Okey in this occasion I’m going to share and explain about my expert in text linguistic. He is the famous man and also handsome with his theory in text linguistic. Of course, all of you curious who is that man. Actually, he is one of lecture Wales university in Bangor.
          Well, he is David Crystal born on 6 July 1941 Lisburn, Britania Raya. He works as lecture like I said before in Wales University. David also works as , as a writer, editor, and broadcaster. David is the expert in text linguistic because of his knowledge, theory, books and journal that he ever published before.
          My lovely reader, David Crystal is my expert in text linguistic. I very admire with him because of the explanation above. David give me inspiration to learn more about text linguistic. So many expert in text linguistic but, I choose him because he give clear explanation about text linguistic.
          David  published the first of his 100 or so books in 1964, and became known chiefly for his research work in English language studies, in such fields as intonation and stylistics, and in the application of linguistics to religious, educational and clinical contexts, notably in the development of a range of linguistic profiling techniques for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. He also ever published books on English phonetics and phonology include Prosodic Systems and Intonation in English and The English Tone of Voice.       
          Ok readers ,David also ever published journal and not only books. One of the journal such as He was founder-editor of the Journal of Child Language, Child Language Teaching and Therapy, and Linguistics Abstracts, and has edited several book series, such as Penguin Linguistics and Blackwell’s Language Library In the 1980.
           Ok readers I think just it the article about David and I also thankful for him cause give me inspiration to learn more about text linguistics. Hopefully this article also helping you all of my readers who learn text linguistics lesson and can be one of your referenced.

Let me say thank you for all times let me close by saying Wassalamualaikum..

Reference:

BRANCHES OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Senin, 03 Oktober 2016
Posted by Unknown
Text linguistic
Definition :
Text linguistics is a branch of linguistics concerned with the description and analysis of extended texts (either spoken or written) in communicative contexts. Sometimes spelled as one word, text linguistics (after the German Text linguistic).
In some ways, notes David Crystal, text linguistics "overlaps considerably with . . . discourse analysis, and some linguists see very little difference between them" (Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 2008).

See Examples and Observations below. Also see:
1.     Inter textuality
2.    Pragmatics
3.    Rhetoric and Rhetorical Situation
4.    Semiotics
5.    Sociolinguistics
6.    Speech-Act Theory
7.    Speech Community
8.    Stylistics

Examples and Observations:
"In recent years, the study of texts has become a defining feature of a branch of linguistics referred to (especially in Europe) as text linguistics, and 'text' here has central theoretical status. Texts are seen as language units which have a definable communicative function, characterized by such principles as cohesion, coherence and informativeness, which can be used to provide a formal definition of what constitutes their textuality or texture. On the basis of these principles, texts are classified into text types, or genres, such as road signs, news reports, poems, conversations, etc. . . . Some linguists make a distinction between the notions of 'text,' viewed as a physical product, and 'discourse,' viewed as a dynamic process of expression and interpretation, whose function and mode of operation can be investigated using psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic, as well as linguistic, techniques."
(David Crystal, Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed. Blackwell, 2008)

Forensic linguistic
Definition:
The application of linguistic research and methods to the law, including evaluation of written evidence and the language of legislation. See Examples and Observations, below.

Examples and Observations:
"The pioneer of forensic linguistics is widely considered to be Roger Shuy, a retired Georgetown University professor and the author of such fundamental textbooks as [Creating] Language Crimes. The field’s more recent origins might be traced to an airplane flight in 1979, when Shuy found himself talking to the lawyer sitting next to him. By the end of the flight, Shuy had a recommendation as an expert witness in his first murder case. Since then, he’s been involved in numerous cases in which forensic analysis revealed how meaning had been distorted by the process of writing or recording. In recent years, following Shuy’s lead, a growing number of linguists have applied their techniques in regular criminal cases . . .."
(Jack Hitt, "Words on Trial." The New Yorker, July 23, 2012)

Applications of Forensic Linguistics:
"Applications of forensic linguistics include voice identification, interpretation of expressed meaning in laws and legal writings, analysis of discourse in legal settings, interpretation of intended meaning in oral and written statements (e.g., confessions), authorship identification, the language of the law (e.g., plain language), analysis of courtroom language used by trial participants (i.e., judges, lawyers, and witnesses), trademark law, and interpretation and translation when more than one language must be used in a legal context."
(Gerald R. McMenamin, Forensic Linguistics: Advances in Forensic Stylistics. CRC Press, 2002)

Reference:

Idiom

Rabu, 08 Juni 2016
Posted by Unknown


 
Idiom or expression is a combination of words, which is a fragment of a sentence which has 
its own meaning. or group of words that express the meaning figuratively.
 
Example idiom:
 
golden child = child most beloved
Hats off = salute or respect
Nature reserves = a natural protection
Blood meat = Child
Nose = visible / present
Blackguard = female fans, liar
Masher = male love affair
Prig = amnesia
Usurer = moneylenders
Cats garong = ferocious nature, lineament less fun
Long hands = thief
Very red = angry
Stubborn = strong character
Love blind = really love
Eating salt = lots of experience
Put your hands = surrender
Mild head = easy to understand and grasp
 
Idiom can be divided into two types, namely:
 
1. The full idiom, ie idioms or phrases throughout the constituent elements can not be 
returned to the meaning of denotation / true.
Example:
Roll the mat means a bankrupt.
b Butt yellow means stingy / miserly.
Said rolls and said the mat has lost its meaning denotation. Likewise, the word and the word 
yellow rump.
 
2. Idiom in part, that idiom or expression that most of its constituent elements can still be 
restored to the meaning of denotation.
Example:
a rumor means news or news that is not necessarily true.
b black list means a list of names of people involved in the crime.
In this case, said the news and the list can still be restored on the meaning of denotation.
 
    Idiom is an expression of the language in the form of a compound word (phrase) whose 
meaning has been fused and can not be interpreted by the elements that shape meanings.
 
Reference:
http://ganzmeruntuguntur.blogspot.co.id/2013/09/idiom-dalam-bahasa-indonesia.html
 

Proverb

Posted by Unknown

Each word has its own meaning . When words strung together would be a beautiful sentence 
and contain a specific meaning . As well as a series of words in proverbs and words of wisdom
, words are arranged so that a string of sentences to be so beautiful , brief, concise , unbiased 
containing parables , advice , life principles or rules of behavior .
 
 

In English there are also proverbs and words of wisdom (wise word) , the following is an 
example.

Peribahasa (Proverbs) :
1. Better late than never.
  (Lebih baik terlambat daripada tidak sama sekali.)
2. Bending without breaking.
  (Mengalah bukan berarti kalah.)
3. A good book is a great friend.
  (Buku yang bermanfaat merupakan teman yang baik.)
4. Out of sight near by heart.
  (Jauh di mata dekat di hati.)
5. No one too old to learn.
  (Belajar tidak memandang usia.)
6. Action speak louder than words.
  (banyak bekerja sedikit bicara.)
7. Desperate people has no standpoint.
  (Orang yang putus asa tidak mempunyai pendirian.)
8. Full coin, full case.
  (Banyak uang banyak masalah.)
9. Think first, than action.
  (Berfikir matang terlebih dahulu baru bertindak.)
10. United we stand, divided we fall.
   (Bersatu kita teguh bercerai kita runtuh.)
11. Unused advantage are no advantages.
   (Kepandaian yang tidak bermanfaat adalah sis-sia.)
12. Blood is thicker than water.
   (Ikatan darah atau persaudaraan lebih kuat dari segala-galanya.)
13. Succes never comes to the indolence's.
   (Keberhasilan tidak akan pernah datang pada orang yang malas.)

Reference:

all about homograph, homonym, and homophones

Posted by Unknown

Homograph 

Homograph consists of homo (same ) and the graph ( writing ) . Homograph is a wordwith the same work but have different pronunciations and meanings . In Indonesian , the word homograph example is ' Semi ' with two different meanings are above standard level and season . Another example is the ' apple' with the meaning and gathering fruit ( small ceremony ) .

Examples homograph word in the English language are:

Wind : angin
Wind : berakhir pada jam (wind up o’clock)
Sewer : penyulam (orang yang menyulam)
Sewer : saluran air
Project : tugas
Project : rancangan
Bat : peralatan dalam olahraga baseball
Bat : kelelawar
Bow : menunduk atau membungkuk
Bow : bagian depan dari kapal

Homonym
Homonym , derived from the word homo (same ) and NYM ( name ) . Means homonym is a word that has the same pronunciation or word but the meaning was different . If in Indonesian , one example Homophones form the word ' can' . The word ' may ' can have two meanings , namely poison snakes and on the other hand can also mean as capable .
 
Here are some examples of homonyms in English :
Blue : warna
Blue : perasaan sedih
Lie : posisi horizontal
Lie : kebohongan
Type : menulis dengan keyboard
Type : tipe atau jenis
Ad : iklan
Add : menambahkan
Ate : makan
Eight : delapan

Homophones

Homophones are words homo (same ) and fonts ( voice or sound ) . Homophones is a word that has the same pronunciation but with the words and different meanings . For example, in Indonesian , among others ' Djarum ' with ' needle ' and 'Rock ' and ' Rok ' .
 
In English , the words homophones , among others :

Air : udara
Heir : pewaris
Buy : membeli
Bye : ucapan perpisahan/selamat tinggal
Check : memeriksa
Checque : cek
Sell : menjual
Cell : sel, penjara
Die : mati
Dye : mewarnai 
Homonym , Homophones and homograph in English 

Indonesian in the subject matter , there are some terms that have special meaning , as well as with the English language . Among these terms are homonyms , homophones , homograph . To be clear , following a full discussion on the understanding and examples .
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